Migrant entrepreneurship, value-creation practices and urban transformation in São Paulo, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v13i1.1538Keywords:
Empreendedorismo, Gastronomia, Hospitalidade, Migração, Turismo urbano.Abstract
This paper examines the entrepreneurial practices of migrants, including refugees, establishing and operating businesses providing food, hospitality, leisure, tourism and events-related services and experiences. Drawing on empirical data gathered in São Paulo, Brazil, the study conceptualises how migrants create cultural ‘goods’ (encompassing material objects, services and experiences), which have been subjected to valuation processes. The paper considers the practices through which migrants mobilise identities, histories, and culturally-specific knowledge as resources in constructing experiential propositions. Moreover, we distinguish between five sets of practices: objectification of self; aestheticisation of otherness; authentication of place-specific food experiences; constructing hospitality venues as cultural spaces; and vitrine-ing (creating platforms for showcasing migrant talent). We discuss the potential consequences of these practices for migrants, consumers, urban environments and their residents, and identify avenues for future research.
Downloads
References
Adler, P.A., & Adler, P. (1987). Membership roles in field settings. Newbury Park, CA, Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984973
Adler, P.A., & Adler, P. (1998). Observational techniques. In N. Denzin, & Y. Lincoln, (Eds.), Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials (pp. 79-109). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Allis, T. (2014). Viajantes, visitantes, turistas... Em busca de conceitos em um mundo urbano, Caderno Virtual de Turismo, 14(1), 23–38.
______. (2016). Em busca das mobilidades turísticas. Plural, 23(2), 94-117. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-8099.pcso.2016.125112
Allis, T. & Lopez, M. P. (2018). Turismo post-conflicto: Desarrollo turístico local y estrategias para la integración social de refugiados. Revista Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo, 27(4), 1003-1017.
Althusser, L. (1971). Lenin and philosophy and other essays. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Andriotis, K. (2009). Sacred site experience: A phenomenological study. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(1), 64-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.10.003
Baka, V. (2015). Understanding valuing devices in tourism through "place-making". Valuation Studies, 3(2), 149-180. https://doi.org/10.3384/VS.2001-5992.1532149
Bastos, E. (2017). Congolinária, gastronomia congolesa vegana por um refugiado. SPVEG Blog, post 08.09.2017. https://www.spveg.com/blog/congolinaria-gastronomia-congolesa-vegana-por-um-refugiado/ (Accessed 17.09.2018).
Baum, T., Kralj, A., Robinson, R. N., & Solnet, D. J. (2016). Tourism workforce research: A review, taxonomy and agenda. Annals of Tourism Research, 60, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.04.003
Berry, L.L., Wall, E.A., & Carbone, L.P. (2006). Service clues and customer assessment of the service experi-ence: Lessons from marketing. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(2), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2006.20591004
Bourdieu, P. (1986). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge.
Secretaria Nacional de Justiça (2018). Refúgio em números. 3rd Edition. Ministry of Justice. Available at: <http://www.acnur.org/portugues/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/refugio-em-numeros_1104.pdf> (Acessed: 27 09 2018).
Brown, S., & Patterson, A. (2000). Knick-knack paddy-whack, give a pub a theme. Journal of Marketing Man-agement, 16(6), 647-662. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725700785045903
Büscher, M., & Urry, J. (2009). Mobile methods and the empirical. European Journal of Social Theory, 12(1), p. 99-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431008099642
Callon, M. (1998). An essay on framing and overflowing: Economic externalities revisited by sociology. The Sociological Review, 46(S1), 244-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1998.tb03477.x
Callon, M. (2007). An essay on the growing contribution of economic markets to the proliferation of the social. Theory, Culture & Society, 24(7-8), 139-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407084701
Callon, M., & Muniesa, F. (2005). Economic markets as calculative collective devices. Organization Studies, 26(8), 1229-1250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840605056393
Callon, M., Méadel, C., & Rabeharisoa, V. (2002). The economy of qualities. Economy & Society, 31(2), 194-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140220123126
Camargo, L. O., Cavenaghi, A. J., Pereira, D. C., & Wada, E. K. (2018). Fans of Sesc in São Paulo: a study on hospitality and welcome. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, 12(2), 46-64. https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v12i2.1403
Carvalho, J. (2017). Conheça a África com os deliciosos pratos do Biyou’Z. Sobrereviva em São Paulo, post 06.02.2017. https://www.sobrevivaemsaopaulo.com.br/2017/02/06/conheca-mais-da-africa-com-os-deliciosos-pratos-do-biyouz/. (Accessed 08.10.2018).
Chhabra, D. (2012). Authenticity of the objectively authentic. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 499-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.09.005
Chhabra, D., Lee, W., Zhao, S., & Scott, K. (2013). Marketing of ethnic food experiences: Authentication analy-sis of Indian cuisine abroad. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 8(2-3), 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2013.767816
Cochoy, F. (2004). Is the modern consumer a Buridan’s donkey? Product packaging and consumer choice. In K. Ekström, & H. Brembeck (Eds.), Elusive consumption (pp. 205-227). Oxford: Berg.
Cochoy, F. (2008). Calculation, qualculation, calqulation: Shopping cart arithmetic, equipped cognition and the clustered consumer. Marketing Theory, 8(1), 15-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593107086483
Cohen, E., & Cohen, S. A. (2012). Authentication: Hot and cool. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), 1295-1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.03.004
Cohen, S. A. Duncan, T. & Thulenmark, M. (2015). Lifestyle mobilities: The crossroads of travel, leisure and migration. Mobilities, 10(1), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2013.826481
Creswell, T. (2010). Towards a politics of mobility. Environment & Planning D: Society & Space, 28, 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1068/d11407
Davis, C. S., & Breede, D. (2015). Holistic ethnography: Embodiment, emotion, contemplation, and dialogue in ethnographic fieldwork. Journal of Contemplative Inquiry, 1, 77-99.
Duncan, T., Scott, D. G., & Baum, T. (2013). The mobilities of hospitality work: An exploration of issues and debates. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.10.004
Dwyer, L., Seetaram, N., Forsyth, P., & King, B. (2014). Is the migration-tourism relationship only about VFR? Annals of Tourism Research, 46, 130-143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.009
Germann Molz, J., & Gibson, S. (2007). Mobilizing hospitality: The ethics of social relations in a mobile world. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Hall C.M., & Williams A.M. (eds) (2002) Tourism and migration. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3554-4
Hansen, S. (2008). Society of the appetite: Celebrity chefs deliver consumers. Food, Culture & Society, 11(1), 49-67. https://doi.org/10.2752/155280108X276050
Hoffman, K., & Turley, L. (2002). Atmospherics, service encounters and consumer decision making: An integra-tive perspective. Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice, 10(3), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2002.11501918
IBGE (2000). Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE.
Ivanov S., & Stavrinoudis, T. A. (2018). Impacts of the refugee crisis on the hotel industry: Evidence from four Greek islands. Tourism Management, 67, 214-223 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.02.004
Janta, H., Cohen, S. A., & Williams, A. M. (2015). Rethinking visiting friends and relatives mobilities. Population, Space & Place, 21(7), 585-598. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1914
Jones, M. T. (2009). A celebrity chef goes global: The business of eating. Journal of Business Strategy, 30(5), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1108/02756660910987572
Joppe, M. (2012). Migrant workers: Challenges and opportunities in addressing tourism labour shortages. Tourism Management, 33(3), 662-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.07.009
Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (2013). The constructivist credo. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Lugosi, P. (2016). Socio-technological authentication. Annals of Tourism Research, 58, 100-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.02.015
Lugosi, P., Bell, D., & Lugosi, K. (2010). Hospitality, culture and regeneration: Urban decay, entrepreneurship and the ‘ruin’ bars of Budapest. Urban Studies, 47(14), 3079-3101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009360236
Lugosi, P., Janta, H., & Watson, P. (2012). Investigative management and consumer research on the internet. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(6), 838-854. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111211247191
Lugosi, P., Robinson, R.N., Golubovskaya, M., Foley, L., & Harwell, J. (2016). Experiencing parenthood, care and spaces of hospitality. The Sociological Review, 64(2), 274-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12330
Lury, C. (2012). ‘Bringing the world into the world’: The material semiotics of contemporary culture. Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory, 13(3), 247-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2012.728144
McGill, D. (2018). Em São Paulo, start-up de refugiada síria cria oportunidades de negócios para outros refugi-ados. ACNUR Brasil. http://www.acnur.org/portugues/2018/05/30/em-sao-paulo-start-up-de-refugiada-siria-cria-oportunidades-de-negocios-para-outros-refugiados/. (Accessed 01.10.2018).
Marwick, A. E. (2013). Status update: Celebrity, publicity and branding in the social media age. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Marwick, A. E. (2015). Instafame: Luxury selfies in the attention economy. Public Culture, 27(1 75), 137-160. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2798379
Marwick, A. E., & Boyd, D. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1), 114-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313
Matos, M.B., & Barbosa, M. (2018). Authenticity in tourism experiences: A new approach based on Edgar Morin’s Complexity Theory. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, 12(3), 154-171. https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v12i3.1457
Mena, I. (2014). Conheça o House of Food: Um espaço de coworking só para quem conzinha profissional-mente. Projeto Draft, post 11.11.2014. https://projetodraft.com/a-house-of-food-inova-o-ja-efervescente-cenario-dos-coworking-spaces-este-e-para-cozinheiros/. (Accessed 10.10.2018).
Meyer, D. (2006). Setting the table: The transforming power of hospitality in business. New York: HarperCol-lins.
Mkono, M. (2013). Hot and cool authentication: A netnographic illustration. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 215-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.01.014
O’Reilly, K. (2003) When is a tourist? The articulation of tourism and migration in Spain’s Costa del Sol. Tourist Studies, 3 (3), 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797603049661
Papacharissi, Z. (2012). Without you, I'm nothing: Performances of the self on Twitter. International Journal of Communication, 6, 18, 1989–2006.
Patton, M.Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). London: Sage.
Purnell, D., & Breede, D. C. (2018). Traveling the third place: Conferences as third places. Space & Culture, 21(4), 512-523. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331217741078
Ren, C., & Mahadevan, R. (2018). “Bring the numbers and stories together”: Valuing events. Annals of Tourism Research, 72, 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.06.008
Ren, C., Petersen, M. K., & Dredge, D. (2015). Guest editorial: Valuing tourism. Valuation Studies, 3(2), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.3384/VS.2001-5992.153285
Sampaio, P. (2017). Bar de refugiados, discos de vinil e papo cabeça: Bixiga é o novo point hipster de SP. Blog do Paulo Sampaio, post 04.04.2017. https://paulosampaio.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2017/04/04/bar-de-refugiados-discos-de-vinil-e-papo-cabeca-bixiga-e-o-novo-point-hipster-de-sp/. (Accessed 08.10.2018).
Senha, R. (2014). Depois dos peruanos, restaurantes populares africanos ganham espaço no centro de SP. Folha se São Paulo, 12 January 2014. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/saopaulo/2014/01/1395740-depois-dos-peruanos-restaurantes-populares-africanos-ganham-espaco-no-centro-de-sp.shtml (Accessed 09.10.18)
Scott, M. (2012). Cultural entrepreneurs, cultural entrepreneurship: Music producers mobilising and convert-ing Bourdieu's alternative capitals. Poetics, 40(3), 237-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2012.03.002
Shaw, S. J. (2011). Marketing ethnoscapes as spaces of consumption: ‘Banglatown—London’s Curry Capital’. Journal of Town & City Management, 1(4), 381-395.
Shaw, S., Bagwell, S., & Karmowska, J. (2004). Ethnoscapes as spectacle: Reimaging multicultural districts as new destinations for leisure and tourism consumption. Urban Studies, 41(10), 1983-2000. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000256341
Smith, M. K., Egedy, T., Csizmady, A., Jancsik, A., Olt, G., & Michalkó, G. (2018). Non-planning and tourism con-sumption in Budapest's inner city. Tourism Geographies, 20(3), 524-548. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1387809
Svejenova, S., Mazza, C., & Planellas, M. (2007). Cooking up change in haute cuisine: Ferran Adrià as an insti-tutional entrepreneur. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(5), 539-561. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.461
Terenzi, G. (2016). Imigrantes trazem novidades gastronômicas e culturais a São Paulo. Folha de São Paulo, post 06.11.2016. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/saopaulo/2016/11/1829396-imigrantes-trazem-novidades-gastronomicas-e-culturais-a-sao-paulo-veja-guia.shtml. (Accessed 01.10.2018).
Torres, E. N., Lugosi, P., Orlowski, M., & Ronzoni, G. (2018). Consumer-led experience customization: A socio-spatial approach. Journal of Service Management, 29(2), 206-229. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-06-2017-0135
Urry, J. (2007). Mobilities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
UNHCR Brasil (2018). Dados sobre o refúgio no Brasil. http://www.acnur.org/portugues/dados-sobre-refugio/dados-sobre-refugio-no-brasil/. (Accessed 06.10.2018).
Vidal, H. (2017). No Bixiga, o Al Janiah é mais do que um restaurante comandado por refugiados palestinos, São Paulo São, post 03.05.2017. https://saopaulosao.com.br/nossas-pessoas/1279-no-bixiga-o-al-janiah-e-mais-do-que-um-restaurante-comandado-por-refugiados-palestinos.html. (Accessed 03.10.2018).
Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 349-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00103-0
Warde, A. (2016). The practice of eating. Cambridge: Polity Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/09503153.2015.1087492
Williams, A. M., King, R., Warnes, A., & Patterson, G. (2000). Tourism and international retirement migration: new forms of an old relationship in southern Europe. Tourism Geographies, 2(1), 28-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/146166800363439
World Bank (2018). International tourism, number of arrivals. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?view=map. (Accessed 06.10.2018).
Xie, P. F. (2011). Authenticating ethnic tourism. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).