Escala del Comportamiento Sostenible del Turista (ECST)
Una Propuesta
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v19.3161Palabras clave:
Comportamiento sostenible, Comportamiento ecológico, Comportamiento socio-cultural, Comportamiento económico, Validación de escalaResumen
La medición del comportamiento sostenible del turista es fundamental para fortalecer una actividad turística más responsable, ya que influye directamente en la conservación ambiental, el bienestar social y el desarrollo económico local. El objetivo de este estudio es validar una escala de medición del comportamiento sostenible en turistas. Se recopilaron un total de 421 observaciones de turistas residentes en el Estado de México, México. La metodología empleada incluyó una validación cruzada mediante: a) un análisis de redes psicológicas y b) un análisis factorial confirmatorio. El resultado fue una escala con 17 indicadores validados. El análisis de redes identificó que los comportamientos individuales (nodos) presentan interacciones significativas, destacando la participación en actividades que benefician a la comunidad, el trato respetuoso hacia los residentes, la compra de productos y artesanías locales, así como prácticas proambientales. El análisis factorial confirmó una estructura tridimensional que refleja el comportamiento sostenible desde los aspectos ecológico, sociocultural y económico. La integración metodológica constituye una aportación innovadora al avance científico, puesto que descifra patrones de interacción entre indicadores y dimensiones, estableciendo un nuevo paradigma para el tratamiento de la sostenibilidad turística. La validación de este instrumento tiene importantes implicaciones prácticas, ya que sirve como base para diagnósticos, intervenciones y diseño de políticas orientadas a la promoción del turismo sostenible.
Descargas
Citas
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action Control. SSSP Springer Series in Social Psychology (pp. 11-39). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Alreahi, M., Bujdosó, Z., Lakner, Z., Pataki, L., Zhu, K., Dávid, L. D., & Kabil, M. (2023). Sustainable tourism in the post-COVID-19 era: Investigating the effect of green practices on hotels attributes and customer preferences in Budapest, Hungary. Sustainability, 15(15), 11859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511859
APA (2019). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Associa-tion. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Bartlett, M. S. (1950). Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 3(2), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1950.tb00285.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1950.tb00285.x
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for devel-oping and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
Borsboom, D., Deserno, M. K., Rhemtulla, M., Epskamp, S., Fried, E. I., McNally, R. J., Robinaugh, D. J., Perugini, M., Dalege, J., Costantini, G., Isvoranu, A., Wysocki, A. C., Van Borkulo, C. D., Van Bork, R., & Waldorp, L. J. (2021). Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science. Nature Reviews Methods Primers, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00055-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00055-w
Buckley, R. (2019). Measuring sustainability of individual tourist behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 58(4), 709-710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518765694 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518765694
Budeanu, A. (2007). Sustainable tourist behaviour – a discussion of opportunities for change. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(5), 499-508. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00606.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00606.x
Burger, J., Isvoranu, A., Lunansky, G., Haslbeck, J. M. B., Epskamp, S., Hoekstra, R. H. A., Fried, E. I., Borsboom, D., & Blanken, T. F. (2023). Reporting standards for psychological network analyses in cross-sectional data. Psy-chological Methods, 28(4), 806-824. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000471
Butnaru, G. I., Niţă, V., Melinte, C., Anichiti, A., & Brînză, G. (2022). The nexus between sustainable behaviour of tour-ists from generation Z and the factors that influence the protection of environmental quality. Sustainability, 14(19), 12103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912103
Chandran, A., Mandal, S., Shanmugeshwari, M., Nair, G., Das, P., Ramachandran, N., & John, E. (2021). Sustainable tourist behaviour: Developing a second order scale based on three destinations. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(6), 984-1005. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2458
Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991). A focus Theory of Normative Conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human Behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 201-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60330-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60330-5
Clayton, S. (2003). Environmental identity: A conceptual and an operational definition. In S. Clayton, and S. Opotow (Eds.), Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature (pp. 45-65). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3644.003.0005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3644.003.0005
Cronbach, J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of the test. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
Devkota, N., Gajdka, K., Siwakoti, R., Klimova, M., & Dhakal, K. (2023). Promoting sustainable tourist behavior through promotional marketing. Journal of Tourism and Services, 14(26), 219–241. https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v14i26.512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v14i26.512
Di Vaio, A., López-Ojeda, A., Manrique-De-Lara-Peñate, C., & Trujillo, L. (2022). The measurement of sustainable be-haviour and satisfaction with services in cruise tourism experiences. An empirical analysis. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 45, 100619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100619 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100619
Dodds, R., & Holmes, M. R. (2023). At home and abroad: Comparing sustainable behaviour and willingness to pay across contexts. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 25(3), 421-431. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584231221967 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584231221967
Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1
Fenn, J., Tan, C., & George, S. (2020). Development, validation and translation of psychological tests. BJPsych Ad-vances, 26(5), 306-315. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2020.33 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2020.33
Fermani, A., Sergi, M. R., Carrieri, A., Crespi, I., Picconi, L., & Saggino, A. (2020). Sustainable tourism and facilities preferences: The Sustainable Tourist Stay Scale (STSS) validation. Sustainability, 12(22), 9767. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229767 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229767
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior. Addison-Wesley. https://people.umass.edu/aizen/f&a1975.html
Gomes, S., & Lopes, J. M. (2023). Insights for pro-sustainable tourist behavior: The role of sustainable destination information and pro-sustainable tourist habits. Sustainability, 15(11), 8856. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118856
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., & Krey, N. (2017). Covariance-based structural equation modeling in the Journal of Advertising: Review and recommendations. Journal of Advertising, 46(1), 163-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2017.1281777 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2017.1281777
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). CENGAGE. https://www.cengage.com/c/multivariate-data-analysis-8e-hair-babin-anderson-black/9781473756540/
Hevey, D. (2018). Network analysis: A brief overview and tutorial. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 6(1), 301-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2018.1521283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2018.1521283
Holmes, M. R., Dodds, R., & Frochot, I. (2021). At home or abroad, does our behavior change? Examining how every-day behavior influences sustainable travel behavior and tourist clusters. Journal of Travel Research, 60(1), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519894070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519894070
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Ingaldi, M., & Dziuba, S. T. (2021). Sustainable tourism: Tourists’ behaviour and their impact on the place visited. Visions for Sustainability, 17, 8-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13135/2384-8677/5828
John, E. (2020). Do tourists behave in a sustainable manner at destinations? Empirical evidence from Munnar. Mate-rials Today: Proceedings, 33, 4866-4875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.399
Juvan, E., & Dolnicar, S. (2016). Measuring environmentally sustainable tourist behaviour. Annals of Tourism Re-search, 59, 30-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.03.006
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
León, C. J., & Araña, J. E. (2020). Tourist sustainable behaviour and personal communication. Annals of Tourism Re-search, 85, 102897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102897
Li, J., Coca‐Stefaniak, J. A., Nguyen, T. H. H., & Morrison, A. M. (2023). Sustainable tourist behavior: A systematic liter-ature review and research agenda. Sustainable Development, 32(4), 3356–3374. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2859
Li, J., Hong, T., Nguyen, H., Morrison, A., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2022). A measurement framework for socially sus-tainable tourist behaviour. Journal of Responsible Tourism Management, 2(1), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.47263/jrtm.02-01-03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47263/JRTM.02-01-03
Li, J., Morrison A. M., Nguyen T. H. H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2024). Socially sustainable tourist behaviour – Bridging the gap between scholarly research and real-world issues. In C. Maxim, A. M. Morrison, J. Day and J. A. Coca-Stefaniak (Eds.), Handbook of Sustainable Urban Tourism (pp. 102-115). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803926742.00016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803926742.00016
Lind, H. B., Nordfjærn, T., Jørgensen, S. H., & Rundmo, T. (2015). The value-belief-norm theory, personal norms and sustainable travel mode choice in urban areas. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 44, 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.06.001
MacInnes, S., Grün, B., & Dolnicar, S. (2022). Habit drives sustainable tourist behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research, 92, 103329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103329
McDonald, R. P. (1970). Theoretical foundations of principal factor analysis and alpha factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematics and Statistical Psychology, 23(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1970.tb00432.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1970.tb00432.x
Miller, G., & Torres-Delgado, A. (2023). Measuring sustainable tourism: A state of the art review of sustainable tour-ism indicators. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(7), 1483-1496. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2023.2213859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2023.2213859
Nickerson, N. P., Jorgenson, J., & Boley, B. B. (2016). Are sustainable tourists a higher spending market? Tourism Management, 54, 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.009
Nieto-García, M., Acuti, D., & Viglia, G. (2024). Consumer hypocrisy and researcher myopia: A scrutiny of the intention-behaviour gap in sustainable tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 104, 103678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103678 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103678
Passafaro, P. (2020). Attitudes and tourists’ sustainable behavior: An overview of the literature and discussion of some theoretical and methodological issues. Journal of Travel Research, 59(4), 579-601. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519851171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519851171
Passafaro, P., Cini, F., Boi, L., D’Angelo, M., Heering, M. S., Luchetti, L., Mancini, A., Martemucci, V., Pacella, G., Patrizi, F., Sassu, F., & Triolo, M. (2015). The “sustainable tourist”: Values, attitudes, and personality traits. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 15(4), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415576086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415576086
Pinho, M., & Gomes, S. (2023). What role does sustainable behavior and environmental awareness from civil society play in the planet’s sustainable transition. Resources, 12(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12030042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12030042
Rios, J., & Wells, C. (2014). Validity evidence based on internal structure. Psychothema, 26(1), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.260
Rocco, C. M., Barker, K., Moronta, J., & González, A. D. (2024). A psychological network analysis of the relationship among component importance measures. Applied Network Science, 9(20). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-024-00631-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-024-00631-5
Rogers, P. (2024). Best practices for your confirmatory factor analysis: A JASP and lavaan tutorial. Behavior Research Method, 56, 6634-6654. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02375-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02375-7
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2010). Ensuring positiveness of the scaled difference chi-square test statistic. Psy-chometrika, 75(2), 243-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y
Schönherr, S. (2024). Tourism actors’ responsible behavior: A systematic literature review. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 48(4), 671-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231171330 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231171330
Schönherr, S., & Pikkemaat, B. (2023). Young peoples’ environmentally sustainable tourism attitude and responsible behavioral intention. Tourism Review, 79(4), 939-952. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-01-2023-0022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2023-0022
Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 221-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60358-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60358-5
Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., Ramos, A., Verkasalo, M., Lönnqvist, J., Demirutku, K., Dirilen-Gumus, O., & Konty, M. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Jour-nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 663-688. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029393 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029393
Sharma, K. (2024). Sustainable behaviour: Endorsing Happiness. In S. Kanojia (Ed.), Bridging Health, Environment, and Legalities: A Holistic Approach (pp. 205-216). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1178-3.ch010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1178-3.ch010
Sireci, S., & Benítez, I. (2023). Evidence for test validation: A guide for practitioners. Psicothema, 35(3), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.477
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T. D., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A Value-Belief-Norm Theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review, 6(2), 81-97. https://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her62/62sternetal.pdf
Taherdoost, H. (2019). What is the best response scale for survey and questionnaire design; review of different lengths of rating scale, attitude scale, Likert scale. International Journal of Academic Research in Manage-ment (IJARM), 8(1), 1-12. https://elvedit.com/journals/IJARM/wp-content/uploads/What-is-the-Best-Response-Scale-for-Survey-and-Questionnaire-Design_-Review-of-Different-Lengths-of-Rating-Scale-Attitude-Scale-Likert-Scale-1.pdf
UN Tourism (2024). Sustainable development. UN Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development
Van Bork, R., Rhemtulla, M., Waldorp, L. J., Kruis, J., Rezvanifar, S., & Borsboom, D. (2019). Latent variable models and networks: statistical equivalence and testability. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 56(2), 175-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2019.1672515 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2019.1672515
Vargas, E. E., Sánchez, A., & Delgado, A. (coords.) (2022). Vectores de innovación sustentable. Organizaciones y des-tinos turísticos inteligentes. Editorial EÓN, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. http://ri.uaemex.mx/handle/20.500.11799/113284
Wang, Z., Nie, L., Jeronen, E., Xu, L., & Chen, M. (2023). Understanding the environmentally sustainable behavior of Chinese university students as tourists: An integrative framework. International Journal of Environmental Re-search and Public Health, 20(4), 3317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043317
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548-573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.92.4.548
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environ-ment and Development: “Our Common Future”. General Assembly document A/42/427. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/133790?ln=es#record-files-collapse-header
Wut, T. M., Lee, D., & Lee, S. W. (2023). Does attitude or intention affect behavior in sustainable tourism? A review and research agenda. Sustainability, 15(19), 14076. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914076
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Alejandro Delgado Cruz, Martín Valdés Nava, Raúl Gómez Vázquez
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:
- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Creative Commons Atribución/Reconocimiento 4.0 Licencia Pública Internacional (CC BY 4.0) que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada. (Véase El efecto del acceso abierto).
