La paradoja de los grandes eventos
analizando el comportamiento de la industria hotelera en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro durante y después de los Juegos Olímpicos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v16.2312Palabras clave:
Mega eventos, Juegos Olímpicos, Turismo y Hostelería, Teoría Institucional, Río de Janeiro.Resumen
Considerando las transformaciones urbanas y el desarrollo del sector hotelero en la Ciudad de Río de Janeiro impulsado por los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016, este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender cómo se comporta la industria hotelera en términos de crecimiento orgánico e inversiones durante períodos de mega eventos internacionales. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una investigación de caso de estudio cualitativo que incluyó 7 marcas hoteleras diferentes, cuyos resultados fueron codificados y categorizados dando como resultado un marco teórico-conceptual responsable de identificar algunas presiones competitivas sobre la hostelería tradicional incluyendo 6 desafíos diferentes: (1) inseguridad político institucional, (2) percepciones de los medios, (3) seguridad pública, (4) otras localidades nacionales y extranjeras, (5) nuevas tecnologías de videoconferencia, y (6) agencias de viajes online. Se encontró que el crecimiento exponencial en el número de camas en la ciudad en los años previos a los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016 generó varias complicaciones para la industria en ese momento. La lógica de esta expansión se discute a lo largo del trabajo durante diferentes fases, y el objetivo es ayudar a llenar un vacío dejado por la investigación empírica en el área, que ha explorado poco la lógica detrás de la opción de invertir durante los Ciclos Olímpicos.
Descargas
Citas
Adams, L; Regibeau, P; Rockett, K. (2014). Incentives to create jobs: Regional subsidies, national trade policy and foreign direct investment. Journal of Public Economics. 111, 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.12.015
Airbnb (2016). Panorama da Comunidade Airbnb Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from: www.airbnbcitizen.com
Aliouche, E; Schlentrich, U. (2010). A Model of Optimal International Market Expansion: The Case of US Hotel Chains Expansion into China. New Developments in the Theory of Networks. 135-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2615-9_9
Allmers, S; Maennig, W. (2009). Economic impacts of the FIFA Soccer World Cups in France 1998, Germany 2006, and outlook for South Africa 2010. Eastern Economic Journal. 35, 500-519. https://doi.org/10.1057/eej.2009.30
Alon, I; Ni, L; Wang, Y. (2021). Examining the determinants of hotel chain expansion through international franchising. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 21(2), 379-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.06.009
Baum, J; Mezias, S. (1992). Localized Competition and Organizational Failure in the Manhattan Hotel Industry, 1898-1990. Administrative Science Quarterly. 37(4), 580-604. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393473
BBC (2016). Rio 2016 escancara crise do modelo dos Jogos Olímpicos ‘como nunca antes’, diz pesquisador dos EUA. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-36770268
Boyen, M; Ogasavara, M. (2014). Internationalization patterns of multinational lodging firms in Brazil. Tourism and Hospitality Research. 13(4), 181-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358414525623
Bruton, G; Lau, C; Obloj, K. (2014). Institutions, resources and firm strategies: a comparative analysis of entrepreneur-ial firms in three transitional economies. European Journal of International Management. 8(6), 697-720. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2014.064905
Buckley, P; Pervez Ghauri, P. (2015). International Business Strategy: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.
Canteras, D (2009). Brazilian Hotels and Global Recession. Retrieved from: https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article36927.html
Carvalho, J; Tang, Y. (2014). Os jogos olímpicos, a cooperação descentralizada e a aplicação de políticas públicas: o modelo de Barcelona 1992 para o Rio de Janeiro 2016. Revista de Estudos Universitários. 40(2), 259-274.
Cavusgil, T; Knight, G; Resenberger, J. (2009). Negócios Internacionais: Estratégia, Gestão e Novas Realidades. Lon-don: Pearson.
CBS (2012). London 2012 Olympics gives Airbnb a boost in bookings. Retrieved from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/london-2012-olympics-gives-airbnb-a-boost-in-bookings/
Contractor, F; Kundu, S. (1998). Modal choice in a world of alliances: analyzing organizational forms in the interna-tional hotel sector. Journal of International Business Studies. 29(2), 325–358. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490039
Cornelissen, S. (2010). Sport mega-events in Africa: processes, impacts and prospects. Tourism and Hospitality Plan-ning & Development. 1, 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/1479053042000187793
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2016). Multilatinas as sources of new research insights: The learning and escape drivers of inter-national expansion. Journal of Business Research. 69, 1963–1972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.142
Cypriano, P; Gândara, J. (2011) Renovação hoteleira em Salvador: estratégias de diversificação, inovação e competi-tividade. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Turísticas.
Data Rio (2019). Taxa de ocupação média anual e mensal dos hotéis associados à ABIH/RJ no Município do Rio de Janeiro entre 1997 e 2017. Retrieved from: http://www.data.rio/datasets/f8057e94b0724367a78fa859f5be9a76
Destination360 (2016). 2016 Olympics Map. Retrieved from: http://www.destination360.com/south-america/brazil/rio-de-janiero/2016-olympics-map
De Villa, M; Rajwani, T; Lawton, T; Mellahi, K. (2018). To engage or not to engage with host governments: Corporate political activity and host country political risk. Global Strategy Journal. 9(2), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1205
EBC (2020). Home office foi adotado por 46% das empresas durante a pandemia. Retrieved from: https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2020-07/home-office-foi-adotado-por-46-das-empresas-durante-pandemia
Eden, L; Miller, S. (2004). Distance matters: liability of foreignness, institutional distance and ownership strategy. Advances in International Management. 16, 187-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-7929(04)16010-1
Eisenhardt, K. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. The Academy of Management Review. 14(4), 532-550. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4308385
El País (2020). Sem rodas de samba, Réveillon e Carnaval, Rio perde turistas e economia fica sem ‘combustível. Retrieved from: https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2020-09-09/sem-rodas-de-samba-reveillon-e-carnaval-rio-perde-turistas-e-economia-fica-sem-combustivel.html
Embratur (2016). Brasil pronto para a Rio 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.embratur.gov.br/piembratur-new/opencms/salaImprensa/artigos/arquivos/Brasil_pronto_para_a_Rio_2016.html
Exame (2017). A escalada da violência no Rio de Janeiro em 4 gráficos. Retrieved from: https://exame.com/brasil/a-escalada-da-violencia-no-rio-de-janeiro-em-4-graficos/
Farok, J; Sumit, K. (1998). Modal Choice in a World of Alliances: Analyzing Organizational Forms in the International Hotel Sector. Journal of International Business Studies. 29(2), 325-356. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490039
Fourie, J; Santana-Gallegob, M. (2011). The impact of mega-sport events on tourist arrivals. Tourism Management. 32(6), 1364-1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.011
G1 (2019). Com caixa no limite, secretário de Fazenda do RJ descarta possibilidade de atraso no pagamento de salários. Retrieved from: https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2019/03/13/com-caixa-no-limite-secretario-de-fazenda-do-rj-descarta-possibilidade-de-atraso-no-pagamento-de-salarios.ghtml
G1 (2020). Turismo mundial sofre queda de 70% em 2020 devido à pandemia de Covid-19. Retrieved from: https://g1.globo.com/turismo-e-viagem/noticia/2020/10/27/turismo-mundial-sofre-queda-de-70-em-2020-devido-a-pandemia-de-covid-19.ghtml
Guttentag, D. (2013). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Cur-rent Issues in Tourism. 18(12), 1192-1217. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.827159
Hernández, V; Nieto, M. (2015). The effect of the magnitude and direction of institutional distance on the choice of international entry modes. Journal of World Business. 50(1), 122-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2014.02.002
Hall, C. (1994). Hallmark tourist events: Impacts, management and planning. London: Bellhaven Press.
Hillman, A; Keim, G: Schuler, D. (2004). Corporate political strategies: A review and research agenda. Journal of Man-agement. 30, 837–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.003
IOC (2019). The combined investments to transform the city and host the Olympic Games played a key role in the economic growth and increase of tourism in Barcelona. Retrieved from: https://www.olympic.org/news/olympic-legacy/barcelona-1992/economic-growth-and-tourism
Ivanova, M; Ivanov, S. (2013). Hotel chains' entry mode in Bulgaria. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research. 25(1), 131-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2013.815117
JLL (2019). Hotelaria em Números – Brasil 2019. Retrieved from: http://fohb.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Hotelaria-em-n%C3%BAmeros-2019.pdf
Jones, C. (2001). Mega-events and host-region impacts: determining the true worth of the 1999 Rugby World Cup. International Journal of Tourism Research. 3, 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.326
Karatassou, T. (2015). The impact of the 2004 Olympic Games on the Greek economy. Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research (IOBE). Retrieved from: http://iobe.gr/docs/research/en/RES_05_F_15012015_REP_EN.pdf
Kearney. (2020). The 2020 FDI Confidence Index. Retrieved from: https://www.kearney.com/foreign-direct-investment-confidence-index
Kostova, T. (1999). Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. Academy of Management Review. 24(2), 308-324. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1893938
Kotler, P; Keller, K. (2007) Administração de Marketing. London: Pearson.
Kwok, C; Tadesse, S. (2006). The MNC as an agent of change for host-country institutions: FDI and corruption. Journal of International Business Studies. 37. 767–785. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400228
Li, Q. (2005). Democracy, Autocracy, and Tax Incentives to Foreign Direct Investors: A Cross-National Analysis. The Journal of Politics. 82(2), 62-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00370.x
Liao, H; Pitts, A. (2006). A brief historical review of Olympic urbanization. The International Journal of the History of Sport. 23(7), 1232-1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360600832502
Lima, C; Takani, E; Colantuono, A. (2016). Possíveis impactos socioeconômicos das Olimpíadas de 2016 no Rio de Janeiro. Getec. 5(10), 77-98.
Liu, D; Wilson, R. (2014). The negative impacts of hosting mega-sporting events and intention to travel: a test of the crowding-out effect using the London 2012 Games as an example. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. 15(3), 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-15-03-2014-B003
Markunas, J. (2016). Brazil Hotel Industry 2016 and Beyond. Retrieved from: http://www.hospitalityadvance.com/brazil-hotel-Industry-snapshot.pdf
Mathews, J. (2006). Dragon multinationals: new players in 21st century globalization. Asia Pacific Journal of Man-agement. 23(1), 5-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-006-6113-0
Metaxas, T. (2010). Place marketing, place branding and foreign direct investments: Defining their relationship in the frame of local economic development process. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. 6, 228–243. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2010.22
Milan, F. (2016). Os impactos socioeconômicos nos Jogos Olímpicos: um raio “X” pertinente para a Olimpíada no Brasil. EFDeportes.com. Retrieved from: https://www.efdeportes.com/efd212/os-impactos-socioeconomicos-nos-jogos-olimpicos.htm
North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
O Globo. Após expansão de leitos para Olimpíada, crise leva 13 hotéis a fechar as portas no Rio. Retrieved from: https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/apos-expansao-de-leitos-para-olimpiada-crise-leva-13-hoteis-fechar-as-portas-no-rio-22938413
Oliveira, M; Corradi, R. (2017). As alterações estratégicas na cidade olímpica: marketing urbano e o real legado olím-pico. Retrieved from: http://anpur.org.br/xviienanpur/principal/publicacoes/XVII.ENANPUR_Anais/ST_Sessoes_Tematicas/ST%203/ST%203.13/ST%203.13-08.pdf
Oliveira, N. (2015). O poder dos jogos e os jogos de poder: interesses em campo na produção da cidade para o es-petáculo esportivo, Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ.
Oliver, C; Holzinger, I. (2008). The effectiveness of strategic regulatory management: A dynamic capabilities frame-work. Academy of Management Review. 33, 496–520. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.31193538
Peng, M. (2006). Global Strategy. Cincinnati: South-Western Thomson.
Pires, C; Monsão, F; Sarmento, J; Seixas, T. (2012). Impactos sociais de megaeventos esportivos: um estudo de caso acerca da análise do presidente de uma federação esportiva do estado de Pernambuco. EFDeportes.com. Retrieved from: http://www.efdeportes.com/efd165/impactos-sociais-de-megaeventos-esportivos.htm
Ribeiro, F; Teleginski, J; Souza, J; Gugelmin, R. (2010). A evolução do produto interno bruto brasileiro entre 1993 e 2009. Vitrine da Conjuntura. 3(5), 1-11.
Rio de Janeiro (Cidade). Lei nº 5.299, de 25 de novembro de 2010. Authorizes the Executive Branch to create the Rio 2016 Company - E-Rio 2016 and makes other arrangements. Diário Oficial da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 26 nov. 2010. Pag 3.
Rio de Janeiro (Cidade). Lei nº 5.230, de 25 de novembro de 2010. Institutes tax incentives and benefits related to the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games and takes other measures. Diário Oficial da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 26 nov. 2010. Pag 3-5.
Rio de Janeiro (Cidade). Lei Complementar nº 108, de 25 de novembro de 2010. Defines Urban Parameters and Norms of Land Use and Occupation, authorizes Interconnected Operation, establishes incentives for the ex-pansion of the accommodation capacity in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Diário Oficial da Cidade do Rio de Ja-neiro, Rio de Janeiro, 27 nov. 2010.
Rio Negócios (2016). Hotelaria: Projeção e Legado. Retrieved from: http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/dlstatic/10112/4379008/4130519/RIO2016_estudos_PORT.pdf
Rocha, C; Fink, J. (2017). Attitudes toward attending the 2016 Olympic Games and visiting Brazil after the games. Tourism Management Perspectives. 22, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.01.001
Rodríguez, A. (2002). Determining factors in entry choice for international expansion. The case of the Spanish hotel industry. Tourism Management. 23(6), 597-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00024-9
Sebrae (2015). Turismo de Experiências. Retrieved from: https://www.sebrae.com.br/Sebrae/Portal%20Sebrae/UFs/PE/Anexos/turismo_de_experiencia.pdf
Setti, A. (2018). Barcelona X Rio de Janeiro: a diferença do legado olímpico. Viagem e Turismo. Retrieved from: https://viagemeturismo.abril.com.br/blog/achados/barcelona-x-rio-de-janeiro-a-diferenca-do-legado-olimpico/
Scott, W. (1995). Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Scott, W. (2001). Institutions and organizations: ideas and interests. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Singh, N; Zhou, H. (2015). Transformation of Tourism in Beijing after the 2008 Summer Olympics: An Analysis of the Impacts in 2014. International Journal of Tourism Research. 18(4), 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2045
Solberg, H; Preuss, H. (2006). Major sport events and long-term tourism impacts. Journal of Sport Management. 21, 215-236. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.21.2.213
Tavares-Lehmann, A. (2016). Types of Investment Incentives. In Tavares-Lehmann, A; Toledano, P; Johnson, L; Sachs, L. (Eds.), Rethinking Investment Incentives. New York: Columbia University Press.
The Caterer (2009). Hotel rooms in London to grow by 12% by 2012. Retrieved from: https://www.thecaterer.com/news/hotel/hotel-rooms-in-london-to-grow-by-12-by-2012
Tian, J; Johnston, C (2008). The 2008 Olympic Games Leveraging a “Best Ever” Games to Benefit Beijing. Asian Soci-al Science. 4(4), 22-47.
Turismo.gov (2018). Estudo da Demanda Turística Internacional 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/2016-02-04-11-54-03/demanda-tur%C3%ADstica-internacional.html
USBC (2018). The 2008 Olympics’ Impact on China. Retrieved from: https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/the-2008-olympics-impact-on-china/
Veja (2017). Brasil atrai número recorde de turistas estrangeiros em 2016. Retrieved from: https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/brasil-atrai-numero-recorde-de-turistas-estrangeiros-em-2016/
Vézina, P. (2010). Race-to-the-bottom tariff cutting. Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. Working Paper. Retrieved from: https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/77418
Wheeler, D; Mody, A. (1992). International investment location decisions: The case of U.S. firms. Journal of Interna-tional Economics. 33 (1-2), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(92)90050-T
Williamson, O. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press.
WSJ (2020). The Covid Pandemic Could Cut Business Travel by 36% — Permanently. Retrieved from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-covid-pandemic-could-cut-business-travel-by-36permanently
Xu, D; Shenkar, O. (2002). Note: Institutional Distance and The Multinational Enterprise. Academy of Management Review. 27(4), 608-618. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.7566108
Zhang, H; Guillet, B; Gao, W. (2012). What determines multinational hotel groups’ locational investment choice in China? International Journal of Hospitality Management. 31(2), 350-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.05.008.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2021 Eduardo Russo, Ariane Figueira

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:
- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Creative Commons Atribución/Reconocimiento 4.0 Licencia Pública Internacional (CC BY 4.0) que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada. (Véase El efecto del acceso abierto).