The emergence of Resistance through Criticality: leisure and tourism in the Espinhaço Range Biosphere Reserve, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v13i2.1556Keywords:
Resistance, Mining, Socio-environmental conflicts, Development, Discourse Analysis, Critical Tourism.Abstract
Following the initial success of a sustainable tourism programme, the town of Conceição do Mato Dentro, located within the UNESCO Espinhaço Range Biosphere Reserve, in Brazil, changed remarkably after a large iron ore mining project was launched in 2006. Among the changes was the replacement of tourism with mining as the municipality’s priority development policy. The town changed from a quiet and small rural town to a dusty and busy industrial site. Although the communities affected by the mine initially supported the mining project, this research identified emergent and growing dissatisfaction among them. A discourse analysis approach was employed to unveil the seeds of a resistance movement that has been emerging from the social practices to challenge the dominant modernization and neoliberal discourses of development represented by the mining project. It is argued that resistance can be traced back to both the advantages that the previous sustainable tourism programme brought and to the preservation of leisure sites that were previously used for socialization and amusement but are now either off-limits or have been destroyed. Such people are not seen here as ‘host communities’, but tourists. Tourism and leisure experiences performed by people affected by the mine generated a sense of community and solidarity, but its discontinuity had undermined the possibilities of criticism and resistance, as such values were misrepresented in the policy arenas that hosted the debates around the mining project. Despite its importance among community members, leisure has not been used to legitimize the resistance discourses against the mining project. Rather, the resistance speech focused on job creation and the expansion of wealth and income, thus weakening the possibilities of transforming the status quo.
Downloads
References
Becker, L. (2009). Tradição e Modernidade: o desafio da sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento da Estrada Real (PhD Thesis). Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
Becker, L., & Pereira, D. (2011). O Projeto Minas‐Rio e o Desafio do Desenvolvimento Territorial Integrado e Sustentado: a grande mina em Conceição do Mato Dentro. In Fernandes, F., Enriquez, M., & Alamino, R. (Orgs.), Recursos Minerais & Sustentabilidade Territorial (Vol. Volume 1: Grandes Minas, p. 229–258). Rio de Janeiro: CETEM/MCTI.
Bianchi, R. (2009). The “Critical Turn” in Tourism Studies: a radical critique. Tourism Geographies, 11(4), 484–504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680903262653
Botelho, E., & Rodrigues, C. (2016). Inserção das Iniciativas de Base Comunitária no Desenvolvimento do Turismo em Parques Nacionais. Caderno Virtual de Turismo, 16(2). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/cvt.16n2.2016.1202
Brasil. (1997). Resolução CONAMA 237. Recuperado de http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/res/res97/res23797.html
Burr, V. (1995). Introduction to social constructionism. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203299968
Cheong, S., & Miller, M. (2000). Power and Tourism: a foucauldian observation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 371–390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00065-1
Collier, M., & Scott, M. (2009). Conflicting rationalities, knowledge and values in scarred landscapes. Journal of Rural Studies, 25, 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2008.12.002
Conlin, M. V., & Jolliffe, L. (2010). Mining Heritage and Tourism: A Global Synthesis. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203865507
Coriolano, L., & Mendes, E. (2009). As Interfaces do Turismo nas Praias de Jericoacoara e Tatajuba: políticas, conflitos e gestões. Turismo em Análise, 20(1), 96–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v20i1p96-115
Crossa, V. (2012). Play for Protest, Protest for Play: artisan and vendors’ resistance to displacement in Mexico city. Antipode, 45(4), 826–843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01043.x
Dardot, P., & Laval, C. (2017). Comum: ensaio sobre a revolução no século XXI. São Paulo: Boitempo.
De Grazia, S. (1973). Of time, work, and leisure. In: Millwood, N.Y Kraus: Reprint Co.
de Paula, S., & Castro, P. (2015). Geomorfologia antropogênica em função da mineração de ouro no século XVIII: bases científicas e educativas na proposição de uma Trilha Geoturística Urbana na Sede no Município de Ouro Preto (MG). Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo, 8(4), 432–443. http://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/6726
Diversus. (2011). Diagnóstico Socioeconômico: Área Diretamente Afetada (ADA) e Área de Influência Direta (AID) da Mina da Anglo Ferrous Minas-Rio Mineração S/A - Conceição do Mato Dentro, Alvorada de Minas e Dom Joaquim.
Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering Development: the making and unmaking of the third world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Escobar, A. (1996). Constructing Nature: elements for a poststructural political ecology. In R. Peet & M. Watts (Orgs.), Liberation Ecologies. London: Routledge.
Faria, D., Freitas Neto, J., & Ferreira, J. (2016). Turismo, mineração e desenvolvimento: relações complexas. Revista de Turismo Contemporâneo, 4(2), 307–330.
Fazito, M. (2013). Competing Rationalities of Tourism Development in the Espinhaço Range Biosphere Reser-ve (Tese de Doutorado). University College Dublin, Dublin.
Fazito, M. (2015). Modernização Turística: o papel do turismo nos discursos dominantes de desenvolvimento. In Figueiredo, S., Azevedo, F. & Nóbrega, W. (Orgs.), Perspectivas Contemporâneas de Análise em Turismo. Belém: NAEA.
Fazito, M., Rodrigues, B., & Nascimento, E. (2017). O Papel do Turismo no Desenvolvimento Humano. Apre-sentado em Enanppas 2017, Natal.
Fazito, M., Scott, M., & Russell, P. (2016). The Dynamics of Tourism Discourses and Policy in Brazil. Annals of Tourism Research, 57, 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.11.013
Feindt, P., & Oels, A. (2005). Does Discourse Matter? Discourse Analysis in Environmental Policy Making. Does Discourse Matter? Discourse Analysis in Environmental Policy Making, 7(3), 161–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15239080500339638
Ferreira, H. (2014). Turismo Comunitário, Tradicionalidade e Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável na Defesa do Território Nativo: aventureiro-Ilha Grande/RJ. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, 8(2), 361–379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v8i2.689
Flyvbjerg, B., & Richardson, T. (2002). Planning and Foucault: in search of the dark side of planning theory. In Allmendinger, P. & Tewdwr-Jones, M. (Orgs.), Planning Futures: new directions for planning theory (p. 44–62). London: Routledge.
Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality (Vol. 1). New York: Pantheon.
Foucault, M. (1991). Politics and the Study of Discourse. In Burchell, G., Gordon, C. & Miller, P. (Orgs.). The Foucault Effect: studies in governmentality (p. 53–72). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Franklin, A., & Crang, M. (2001). The Trouble with Tourism and Travel Theory. Tourist Studies, 1(1), 5–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/146879760100100101
Freire, P. (1973). Education for Critical Cousciousness. London: Sheed and Ward.
Freire, P. (1996). Pedagogy of the Opressed. London: Penguin Books.
Gómez, C., Falcão, M., Cherem, L., & Silva, T. (2016). A Participação da Comunidade no Turismo de Base Co-munitária: um estudo de múltiplos casos. Caderno Virtual de Turismo, 16(2). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/cvt.16n2.2016.1190
Green, E. (1998). “Women Doing Friendship”: an analysis of women’s leisure as a site of identity construction, empowerment and resistance. Leisure Studies, 17, 171–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/026143698375114
Hajer, M. (1995). The politics of environmental discourse : ecological modernization and the policy process. Oxford: Oxford University Press, c.
Hajer, M., & Versteeg, W. (2005). A Decade of Discourse Analysis of Environmental Politics: achievements, challenges and perspectives. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 7(3), 175–184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15239080500339646
Hannam, K., & Knox, D. (2010). Understanding tourism: a critical introduction. Los Angeles; London: SAGE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203868782
Harvey, D. (2011). The Future of the Commons. Radical History Review, 2011(109), 101–107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-2010-017
Haworth, J. T., & Veal, A. J. (Orgs.). (2005). Work and Leisure (New Ed). Routledge.
Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2006). More than an “Industry”: the forgotten power of tourism as a social force. Tour-ism Management, 27, 1192–1208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.020
Hultsman, J. (1995). Just Tourism: an ethical framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(3), 553–567. DO: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00011-T
Jessup, G., Bundy, A., & Cornell, E. (2013). To Be or To Refuse To Be? Exploring the concept of leisure as re-sistance for young people who are visually impaired. Leisure Studies, 32(2), 191–205.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2012.695388
Kleiber, D. A. (1999). Leisure Experience and Human Development: A Dialectical Interpretation. Basic Books.
Krippendorf, J. (1989). Sociologia do Turismo: para uma nova compreensão do lazer e das viagens. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
Krippendorf, J. (1999). The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel. Oxford: Butter-worth-Heinemann.
Lafargue, P. (1999). O Direito à Preguiça. São Paulo: Hucitec.
Marcellino, N. (1983). Lazer e Humanização. Papirus.
Marcellino, N. (2006). Estudos do Lazer: uma introdução (4o ed). Campinas: Autores Associados.
Marcellino, N. (2008). Lazer e Sociedade: algumas aproximações. In: N. Marcellino (Org.), Lazer e Sociedade: multiplas relações (p. 11–26). Campinas: Alinea.
Marcellino, N. (2010). Lazer e Educação (16o ed). Papirus Editora.
Matos, C., Araújo, M., & Teixeira, M. (2013). Interesses, Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento do Turismo de Base Comunitária no Ceará. Turismo, Visão e Ação, 15(3), 419–433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14210/rtva.v15i3
Medeiros, C., Gomes, C., & Nascimento, M. (2015). Gestão em Geoparques: desafios e realidades. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, 9(2), 342–359. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v9i2.798
Medeiros, V., Macedo, R., Costa, F., & Dantas, A. (2010). Economia Solidária e Turismo: um estudo comparati-vo nos municípios de Natal/RN e Recife/PE. Caderno Virtual de Turismo, 10(2).
Mendonça, T., Santos, R., Lopes, P., Andrade, S., & Moraes, A. (2017). Turismo de Base Comunitária na Costa Verde (RJ): caiçaras, quilombolas e indígenas. Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo, 10(2), 328–356.
Minari, M., & Rabinovici, A. (2014). Diálogo, Participação e Projetos de Turismo com Comunidades em Unida-des de Conservação na Amazônia Brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo, 7(1).
Moufakkir, O., & Reisinger, Y. (Orgs.). (2013). The Host Gaze in Global Tourism. Oxfordshire: CABI. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780640211.0000
MOVSAM, UNICOM, AMD, ASCOR, Labcen/PUC Minas, CPT-MG, … Associação Comunitária São Sebastiao do Bom Sucesso e Região. (2012). Violações de Direitos Humanos na ADA e AID - Projeto Minas-Rio – Abril/2012.
Nascimento, A., Gomes, C., & Brito, A. (2015). Geoparque como forma de gestão territorial interdisciplinar apoiada no geoturismo: o caso do Projeto Geoparque Seridó. Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo, 8(2), 347–364.
Oliveira, C., & Blos, W. (2012). Ecoturismo: desenvolvimento, comunidades tradicionais e participação. Ca-derno Virtual de Turismo, 12(2). Recuperado de http://each.usp.br/turismo/publicacoesdeturismo/ref.php?id=569
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807763
Peet, R., & Watts, M. (1996). Liberation Ecologies. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203286784
Pereira, L., & Almeida, M. (2015). Paisagens construídas, mineração e turismo conforme a percepção dos moradores em Minaçu- GO. Cultur - revista de cultura e turismo, 3(1). Recuperado de http://each.usp.br/turismo/publicacoesdeturismo/ref.php?id=1824
Perinotto, A. R. C., & Queiroz, O. (2008). Território, ambiente, exploração e decadência da atividade minerado-ra e o processo atual de turistificação do espaço na Chapada Diamantina/BA. Global Tourism, 4(1), 1–19.
Pinto, L. (2008). Lazer e Educação: os desafios da atualidade. In Marcellino, N. (Org.), Lazer e Sociedade: múl-tiplas relações (p. 11–26). Campinas: Alinea.
Sampaio, C., Zechner, T., Henríquez, C., Coriolano, L., & Fernandes, S. (2014). Turismo Comunitário a Partir de Experiências Brasileiras, Chilenas e Costarriquenha. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v8i1.575
Santos, B. (2002). A Crítica da Razão Indolente: contra o desperdício da experiência. São Paulo: Cortez.
Santos, B. (2004). The WSF: toward a counter-hegemonic globalization. In Sen, J., Anand, A., Escobar, A. & Waterman, P. (Orgs.) (p. 235–245). New Delhi: The Viveka Foundation.
Sharp, L., & Richardson, T. (2001). Reflections on Foucauldian Discourse Analysis in Planning and Environmen-tal Policy Research. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 3, 193–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jepp.88
Shaw, G., & Williams, A. (1994). Critical issues in tourism: a geographical perspective. Oxford: Blackwell.
Shaw, S. (2001). Conceptualizing Resistance: women’s leisure as political practice. Journal of Leisure Re-search, 33(2), 186–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2001.11949937
Soares, E., & Silva, M. (2009). O Turismo como Alternativa para a Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas pela Mineração. Turismo e Sociedade, 2(1), 90–104. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/tes.v2i1.14305
United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Recuperado de http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf
UNWTO. (2009). World Tourism Barometer Interim Update. World Tourism Organization
Valle, R. (2009). Conceição: Guarde nos Olhos II. Recuperado de http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oysDR7sf5RU&feature=youtube_gdata_player
Wearing, B. (1990). Beyond the Ideology of Motherhood: leisure as resistance. New Zealand Journal of Sociol-ogy, 21(1), 309–314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/144078339002600102
Wearing, B. (1998). Leisure and Feminist Theory. London: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446278970
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
